![]() ![]() The hardware to make them wasn't practical in the 1990s, when Deep Blue was built, Campbell said. The learning happened via neural networks, or programs that operate much like the neurons in a human brain. AlphaGo played many board games against itself and used those patterns to learn optimal strategies. The artificially intelligent computer program called AlphaGo, for example, which beat the world's champion player of the board game Go, also works differently from Deep Blue. Machine learning systems that have been developed in the past two decades also make use of huge amounts of data that simply didn't exist in 1997, when the internet was still in its infancy. Watson proved that it could understand and respond to humans by defeating longtime "Jeopardy!" champions in 2011. IBM's next intelligent machine, named Watson, for example, works very differently from Deep Blue, operating more like a search engine. Learning machinesĪt the time Deep Blue was built, the field of machine learning hadn't progressed as far as it has now, and much of the computing power wasn't available yet, Campbell said. Building a machine that can tackle different tasks, or that can learn how to do new ones, has proved more difficult, he added. IBM scientists spent years constructing Deep Blue, and all it could do was play chess, Campbell said. "You can look at it the human way, using experience and intuition, or in a more computer-like way." Those methods complement each other, he said.Īlthough Deep Blue's win proved that humans could build a machine that's a great chess player, it underscored the complexity and difficulty of building a computer that could handle a board game. "The more interesting thing we showed was that there's more than one way to look at a complex problem," Campbell told Live Science. "Some doubted that a computer would ever play as well as a top human. In round 5, Deep Blue prototype played as White and lost to Fritz."Good as they are, are quite poor at other kinds of decision making," said Murray Campbell, a research scientist at IBM Research. ![]() The Deep Blue prototype played Wchess to a draw. ![]() In 1995, "Deep Blue prototype" played in the 8th World Computer Chess Championship. After a scaled-down version of Deep Blue-Deep Blue Jr.-played Grandmaster Joel Benjamin, Hsu and Campbell decided that Benjamin was the expert they were looking for to develop Deep Blue's opening book, and Benjamin was signed by IBM Research to assist with the preparations for Deep Blue's matches against Garry Kasparov. The project started under the name ChipTest at Carnegie Mellon University by Feng-hsiung Hsu and was followed by ChipTest's successor, Deep Thought. After graduating the university, Hsu, Thomas Anantharaman, and Murray Campbell were asked by IBM Research to continue their project to build a chess machine that could defeat a world champion. Hsu and Campbell joined IBM in fall 1989, with Anantharaman following later. Anantharaman subsequently left IBM for Wall Street and Arthur Joseph Hoane joined the team to perform programming tasks. Jerry Brody, a long-time employee of IBM Research, was recruited to the team in 1990. The team was first managed by Randy Moulic, followed by Chung-Jen (C J) Tan.Īfter Deep Thought's 1989 match against Kasparov, IBM held a contest to rename the chess machine: the winning name was "Deep Blue", a play on IBM's nickname, "Big Blue". Kasparov accused IBM of cheating.ĭeep Blue's victory was considered a milestone in the history of artificial intelligence and has been the subject of several books and films. Having won the six-game rematch 3½–2½, it became the first computer system to defeat a reigning world champion in a match under standard chess tournament time controls. The computer was heavily upgraded and played once more against Kasparov in 1997. Deep Blue first played world champion Garry Kasparov in a six-game match in 1996, losing 4–2. IBM hired the development team when the project was briefly given the name Deep Thought. It was the first computer to win both a chess game and a chess match against a reigning world champion under regular time controls.ĭevelopment for Deep Blue began in 1985 with the ChipTest project at Carnegie Mellon University. Deep Blue was a chess-playing supercomputer developed by IBM. ![]()
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